See firmament on Wiktionary
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"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "firmamental"
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"word": "firmamentary"
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"word": "firmament-wards"
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"1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Petrus Apianus, Gemma Frisius (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1539) <cite>Petri Apiani cosmographia, per Gemmam Phrysium, apud Louanienses medicum ac mathematicum insignem, restituta: additis de adem re ipsius Gemmae Phry. libellis, ut sequens pagina docet</cite>, Antwerp: In pingui gallina Arnoldo Berckma[n]no [Arnold Birckmann], <small>→OCLC</small></span></span>.",
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"3": "firmament"
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"expansion": "Middle English firmament",
"name": "inh"
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{
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"2": "fro",
"3": "firmament",
"t": "firmament"
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"expansion": "Old French firmament (“firmament”)",
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{
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"2": "la",
"3": "firmāmentum",
"t": "support; sky"
},
"expansion": "Latin firmāmentum (“support; sky”)",
"name": "der"
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"t": "to hold; to support"
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"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold; to support”)",
"name": "der"
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"2": "στερέωμα",
"t": "foundation, framework; firmament"
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"expansion": "Ancient Greek στερέωμα (steréōma, “foundation, framework; firmament”)",
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{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "רָקִיעַ",
"t": "celestial dome, vault of heaven",
"tr": "rāqī́aʿ"
},
"expansion": "Hebrew רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ, “celestial dome, vault of heaven”)",
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"3": "ܥ"
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"etymology_text": "From Middle English firmament, furmament (“heaven; sky”), from Old French firmament (“firmament”), or from its etymon Latin firmāmentum (“support; sky”), from\nfirmāre (“to strengthen”) + -mentum (suffix indicating an instrument or medium, or the result of an action). Firmāre is the present active infinitive of firmō (“to make firm, strengthen”), from firmus (“firm, strong, stable”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold; to support”).\nThe Latin word was used in the Vulgate version of the Bible to translate the\nAncient Greek στερέωμα (steréōma, “foundation, framework; firmament”) in the Septuagint (Greek Old Testament), which in turn was used to translate the Hebrew רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ, “celestial dome, vault of heaven”), from the root ר־ק־ע (r-q-`); in Classical Syriac the similar root ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ) (related to compacting) gave rise to ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā, “compact; firm; firmament, heavens, sky; celestial sphere”).",
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"fir‧ma‧ment"
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"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
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{
"ref": "1560, [William Whittingham et al., transl.], The Bible and Holy Scriptures Conteyned in the Olde and Newe Testament. […] (the Geneva Bible), Geneva: […] Rouland Hall, →OCLC, Daniél XII:3, folio 364, verso:",
"text": "And thei that be wiſe, ſhal ſhine, as the brightnes of the firmament: & they that turne to righteouſnes, ſhal ſhine as the ſtarres, for euer and euer.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:",
"text": "[T]his moſt excellent Canopie the ayre, looke you, this braue orehanging firmament, this maieſticall roofe fretted with golden fire, why it appeareth nothing to me but a foule and peſtilent congregation of vapoures.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1609, Everie VVoman in Her Humor, London: […] E[dward] A[llde] for Thomas Archer, […], →OCLC; reprinted as John S. Farmer, editor, Every Woman in Her Humor (The Tudor Facsimile Texts), [Amersham, Buckinghamshire]: [John S. Farmer] […], 1913, →OCLC:",
"text": "Now to ye all, be firmaments to ſtars, / Be ſtars to Firmaments, and as you are / Splendent, ſo be fixed, not wandring, nor / Irregular, both keeping courſe together, [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:6–8:",
"text": "And God ſaid, Let there be a firmament in the midſt of the waters: and let it diuide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament; and diuided the waters, which were under the firmament, from the waters, which were aboue the firmament: and it was ſo. And God called the firmament, Heauen: and the euening and the morning were the ſecond day.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1667, John Milton, “Book II”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 174–175:",
"text": "[W]hat if all / Her ſtores were op'n'd, and this Firmament / Of Hell ſhould ſpout her Cataracts of Fire, [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1678, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […], →OCLC; reprinted in The Pilgrim’s Progress as Originally Published by John Bunyan: Being a Fac-simile Reproduction of the First Edition, London: Elliot Stock […], 1875, →OCLC, page 11:",
"text": "There are Crowns of Glory to be given us; and Garments that will make us ſhine like the Sun in the Firmament of Heaven.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1745, [Edward Young], “Night the Ninth and Last. The Consolation. Containing, among Other Things, I. A Moral Survey of the Nocturnal Heavens. II. A Night-Address to the Deity. […]”, in The Complaint: Or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality, London: […] [Samuel Richardson] for A[ndrew] Millar […], and R[obert] Dodsley […], published 1750, →OCLC, page 357:",
"text": "On Nature's Alps I ſtand, / And ſee a Thouſand Firmaments beneath!",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1825 January, H. G. B., “The Bride of Parma”, in The Edinburgh Magazine, and Literary Miscellany; […], volume XVI, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 68, column 2:",
"text": "And far above the gentle moon sails on / Through the blue firmament. It is a scene / That gives that spot of earth the air of Heav'n!",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1831, James Bell, “[Chinese Empire.] Chapter IV.”, in A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific, […], volume V, Glasgow: Archibald Fullarton and Co. and Blackie and Son; […], →OCLC, page 34:",
"text": "Some of his [Confucius's] philosophical principles are, [...] that the cause or principle of things must have had a co-existence with the things themselves; [...] and that the central point of influence, from which this cause chiefly acts, is the blue firmament (tien), whence its emanations are spread over the universe; [...] the sun, moon, stars, and elements, are considered also as composing the firmament, or Teen, as the immediate agents of the Deity, and as the productive powers in creation.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1872, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], chapter XXIV, in Middlemarch […], volume II, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, book III, page 46:",
"text": "But there was no spirit of denial in Caleb, and the world seemed so wondrous to him that he was ready to accept any number of systems, like any number of firmaments, if they did not obviously interfere with the best land-drainage, solid building, correct measuring, and judicious boring (for coal).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2001 December, J. Robert King, “Who are We?”, in Brian Thomsen, editor, Lancelot du Lethe, New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, →ISBN, page 229:",
"text": "On its far side, on the very horizon of the world, stood purple mountains, so tall and sharp that they bridged the firmaments.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2002, Barbara Kingsolver, “Small Wonder”, in Small Wonder: Essays, New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, published 2009, →ISBN:",
"text": "The feeling I dread the most is not fear but despair—the dim, oppressive sense that the more things change, the more they stay the same; that each of us with a frozen heart \"like an old-stone savage armed\" will continue to move in darkness, lifting boulders, patrolling the firmaments of divisive anger.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Alexander Miller, “The Development of Theories of Meaning: From Frege to McDowell and Beyond”, in Michael Beaney, editor, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (The Development of Analytic Philosophy), page 658:",
"text": "[...] 'The Morning Star' and 'The Evening Star' have the same celestial object as Bedeutung, but present that object in different ways, perhaps in one case as the object that appears in such and such a place in the morning firmament and in the other as the object that appears in such and such a place in the evening firmament.",
"type": "quote"
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"glosses": [
"The vault of the heavens, where the clouds, sun, moon, and stars can be seen; the heavens, the sky."
],
"id": "en-firmament-en-noun-LPKM2JoH",
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[
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[
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"(usually uncountable, literary, poetic, also figuratively) The vault of the heavens, where the clouds, sun, moon, and stars can be seen; the heavens, the sky."
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"word": "lift"
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"text": "the international fashion firmament",
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{
"ref": "1997, Michael Schaller, “Japan: From Enemy to Ally, 1945–50”, in Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation, New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 7:",
"text": "Europe dominated foreign policy concerns, followed by the Near East and China, where General George C[atlett] Marshall tried, in vain, to mediate a civil war. Japan glowed dimly in the foreign policy firmament.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1999, Shannon Wiley, “Introduction”, in Seaford, Delaware (Images of America), Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, published 2001, →ISBN, page 8:",
"text": "By this time, Seaford was a town of 2,000 people, and, in the next decade, the poultry industry became a rising star in the firmament of economic growth as new housing and feeding techniques were introduced.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Adrienne L. McLean, “A Channel for Progress: Theatrical Dance, Popular Culture, and (The) American Ballet”, in Dying Swans and Madmen: Ballet, the Body, and Narrative Cinema, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN, page 40:",
"text": "She [Anna Pavlova] provided articulate, well-thought-out and educational interviews and articles from her first appearances in which she would lay out her life story, the course of her training, the place of ballet in the European and Russian artistic firmaments.",
"type": "quote"
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"All topics",
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"_dis": "10 7 48 3 25 1 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 7 47 4 24 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tagalog translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 7 42 4 25 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tamil translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 8 45 4 29 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tigrinya translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 69 1 17 1 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tocharian A translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 7 48 3 25 1 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 7 47 4 24 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 7 47 4 24 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 53 3 28 1 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vilamovian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 42 5 29 2 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 6 53 3 24 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Zulu translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 38 49 2 5 1 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Sphere",
"orig": "en:Sphere",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 5 75 1 11 1 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Astronomy",
"orig": "en:Astronomy",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"Space",
"All topics",
"Nature",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 5 79 1 9 1 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Cosmology",
"orig": "en:Cosmology",
"parents": [
"Astronomy",
"Sciences",
"Space",
"All topics",
"Nature",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 70 2 15 4 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Obsolete scientific theories",
"orig": "en:Obsolete scientific theories",
"parents": [
"History of science",
"History",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1638, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Ayre Rectified. With a Digression of the Ayre.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy. […], 5th edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] [Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 3, page 254:",
"text": "[B]etweene the ſphere of Saturne and the Firmament, there is ſuch an incredible and vaſt ſpace or diſtance (7000000. ſemidiameters of the earth, as Tycho [Brahe] calculates) void of ſtarres: [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1712 July 13 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison], “WEDNESDAY, July 2, 1712. Paper X. On the Pleasures of the Imagination.”, in The Spectator, number 420; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume IV, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 79:",
"text": "But if we yet rise higher, and consider the fixed stars as so many vast oceans of flame, that are each of them attended with a different set of planets, and still discover new firmaments and new lights, that are sunk farther in those unfathomable depths of ether, so as not to be seen by the strongest of our telescopes, we are lost in such a labyrinth of suns and worlds, and confounded with the immensity and magnificence of nature.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1715, H[enry] Curson, “A Cosmographical Introduction to the Geographical Description of the World”, in A New Description of the World. […], 2nd edition, […] Benj[amin] Barker, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "The World Cœlestial. Containing 11 Sphæres or Heavens, ſay the Theologians and Aſtronomers. [...] Theſe are called the Primum Mobile, the Chriſtaline Heaven, the Firmament adorned with the Fixed Stars, and the Heavens of the Seven Planets.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the geocentric Ptolemaic system, the eighth celestial sphere which carried the fixed stars; (countable, by extension) any celestial sphere."
],
"id": "en-firmament-en-noun-N7SNoYno",
"links": [
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"geocentric",
"geocentric"
],
[
"Ptolemaic system",
"Ptolemaic system"
],
[
"eighth",
"eighth"
],
[
"celestial sphere",
"celestial sphere"
],
[
"carried",
"carry"
],
[
"fixed star",
"fixed star"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, astronomy, historical) In the geocentric Ptolemaic system, the eighth celestial sphere which carried the fixed stars; (countable, by extension) any celestial sphere."
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"astronomy",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Bible",
"orig": "en:Bible",
"parents": [
"Books",
"Christianity",
"Judaism",
"Literature",
"Mass media",
"Abrahamism",
"Culture",
"Entertainment",
"Writing",
"Media",
"Religion",
"Society",
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Human",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalm 150:1, column 1:",
"text": "Praiſe ye the Lord. Praiſe God in his Sanctuarie: Praiſe him in the firmament of his power.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The abode of God and the angels; heaven."
],
"id": "en-firmament-en-noun-DORfwK8b",
"links": [
[
"biblical",
"Bible"
],
[
"abode",
"abode"
],
[
"God",
"God"
],
[
"angel",
"angel"
],
[
"heaven",
"heaven#Noun"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete except biblical",
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, obsolete except biblical) The abode of God and the angels; heaven."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1690, [Mary Evelyn], “A Voyage to Marryland; or, The Ladies Dressing-room”, in [John Evelyn], editor, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […], London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN, page 7:",
"text": "Pins tipt with Diamond Point, and head, / By which the Curls are faſtened, / In radiant Firmament ſet out, / And all over the Hood ſur-tout: [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "[1690, [Mary Evelyn], “The Fop-dictionary. […]”, in [John Evelyn], editor, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […], London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN, page 18:",
"text": "Firmament. Diamonds, or other precious Stones heading the Pins which they stick into the Tour, and Hair, like Stars.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A piece of jewellery worn in a headdress with numerous gems resembling stars in the sky."
],
"id": "en-firmament-en-noun-1J1MiuXj",
"links": [
[
"piece",
"piece#Noun"
],
[
"jewellery",
"jewellery"
],
[
"worn",
"wear#Verb"
],
[
"headdress",
"headdress"
],
[
"numerous",
"numerous"
],
[
"gem",
"gem"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, obsolete) A piece of jewellery worn in a headdress with numerous gems resembling stars in the sky."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2012 January 25, Josh Brown, “Perhaps I’ve Been a Bit too Harsh …”, in Wealth Manager Blog, The Wall Street Journal, archived from the original on 2013-12-08:",
"text": "Ten years ago, the Wall Street wirehouse brokerage firm seemed unassailable – part of the very firmament underpinning the entire investment industry from coast to coast.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A basis or foundation; a support."
],
"id": "en-firmament-en-noun-dhujzIvc",
"links": [
[
"basis",
"basis"
],
[
"foundation",
"foundation"
],
[
"support",
"support#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, obsolete, also figuratively) A basis or foundation; a support."
],
"tags": [
"also",
"countable",
"figuratively",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"The act or process of making firm or strengthening."
],
"id": "en-firmament-en-noun-Nmg4dYv9",
"links": [
[
"act",
"act#Noun"
],
[
"process",
"process#Noun"
],
[
"making",
"make#Verb"
],
[
"firm",
"firm#Adjective"
],
[
"strengthen",
"strengthen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, obsolete) The act or process of making firm or strengthening."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɜːməm(ə)nt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɝməmənt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-firmament.mp3",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/En-us-firmament.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/En-us-firmament.mp3/En-us-firmament.mp3.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "am",
"lang": "Amharic",
"roman": "sämay",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ሰማይ"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "raqīʕ",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "رَقِيع"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "samāʔ",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "سماء"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "arc",
"lang": "Aramaic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "רקיעא"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "syc",
"lang": "Aramaic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"Classical-Syriac"
],
"word": "ܪܩܝܥܐ"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "čaxarak",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "ճախարակ"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "erkinkʻ",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "երկինք"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "erknakamar",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "երկնակամար"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "kük kömbəźe",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "күк көмбәҙе"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nebosvod",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "небосвод"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "蒼穹"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cāngqióng",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "苍穹"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "蒼天"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cāngtiān",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "苍天"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hàotiān",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "昊天"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hàotiān",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "皓天"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "穹蒼"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "qióngcāng, qiōngcāng",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "穹苍"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "qióngyǔ, qiōngyǔ",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "穹宇"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tiānkōng",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "天空"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "霄漢"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiāohàn",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "霄汉"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "nebeská klenba"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "nebeská báň"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "nebe"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"neuter"
],
"word": "gespan"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hemelgespan"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hemelgewelf"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"neuter"
],
"word": "uitspansel"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "firmaĵo"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "taevalaotus"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "taevavõlv"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"poetic"
],
"word": "ilmankansi"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "taivaankansi"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmamento"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "gez",
"lang": "Ge'ez",
"roman": "sämay",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "ሰማይ"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ca",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "ცა"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Firmament"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "Feste"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "steréoma",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary",
"neuter"
],
"word": "στερέωμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "haw",
"lang": "Hawaiian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "lani"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "raki'a",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "רקיע"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "hil",
"lang": "Hiligaynon",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "siélo"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "andlangur"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "festing"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "himinhvel"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "himinhvolf"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "himinn"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "cakrawala"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "neamh"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmamento"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"alt": "きゅうそう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kyūsō",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "穹蒼"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"alt": "おおぞら",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ōzora",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "大空"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"alt": "てんくう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tenkū",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "天空"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "meik",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "មេឃ"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"alt": "蒼空",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "changgong",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "창공"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"roman": "firmamento",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "פירמאמינטו"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "firmāmentum"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "debesjums"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "nébosvod",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "не́босвод"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "nébesen svod",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "не́бесен свод"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "lüft"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "na",
"lang": "Nauruan",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "se",
"lang": "Northern Sami",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "albmẹassi"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hvelving"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "himmelhvelv"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "himmelkvelv"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cu",
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"roman": "tvrĭdělĭ",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "тврьдѣль"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "lyft"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "staþol"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "uprodor"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "falak",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "فلک"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nieboskłon"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmamento"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "alturas"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nebésnyj svod",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "небе́сный свод"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nebosvód",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "небосво́д"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tverdʹ",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"poetic"
],
"word": "твердь"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "aśman",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "अश्मन्"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "iarmailt"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"neuter"
],
"word": "не̏бо"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "ша̑р"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"neuter"
],
"word": "nȅbo"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "šȃr"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmamento"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fäste"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "himlavalv"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "santinakpan"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "vāṉam",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "வானம்"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "ti",
"lang": "Tigrinya",
"roman": "sämay",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "ሰማይ"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "xto",
"lang": "Tocharian A",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "eprer"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "felek"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "gökyüzü"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "tverdʹ nebesna",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "твердь небесна"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "bầu trời"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "wym",
"lang": "Vilamovian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "fjyrmament"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "entrych nef"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "entrych nen"
},
{
"_dis1": "35 2 36 9 16 1 2",
"code": "zu",
"lang": "Zulu",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"class-3"
],
"word": "uḿkhathí"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 45 38 1 11 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "field or sphere of an activity or interest — see also field, sphere",
"word": "ala"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 45 38 1 11 1 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "steréoma",
"sense": "field or sphere of an activity or interest — see also field, sphere",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "στερέωμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 45 38 1 11 1 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "field or sphere of an activity or interest — see also field, sphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmamento"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Septuagint",
"Vulgate"
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "la",
"3": "firmāmentum"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Latin firmāmentum",
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}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin firmāmentum.",
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{
"form": "firmaments",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "firmament m (plural firmaments)",
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],
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"lang_code": "ca",
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{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
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"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
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}
],
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],
"id": "en-firmament-ca-noun-3dSIJEvk",
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[
"firmament",
"firmament#English"
],
[
"heavens",
"heavens"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[fir.məˈmen]",
"tags": [
"Central"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[fir.məˈment]",
"tags": [
"Balearic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[fiɾ.maˈment]",
"tags": [
"Valencia"
]
}
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pap",
"2": "firmament",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Papiamentu: firmament",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dated"
},
"expansion": "(dated)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→ Papiamentu: firmament (dated)"
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "firmament"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch firmament",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "firmāmentum"
},
"expansion": "Latin firmāmentum",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "grc",
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"4": "",
"5": "firm or solid structure"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek στερέωμα (steréōma, “firm or solid structure”)",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "he",
"3": "רקיע",
"4": "",
"5": "vault of heaven"
},
"expansion": "Hebrew רקיע (“vault of heaven”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch firmament, from Latin firmāmentum, coined by Jerome in the Vulgate to render Ancient Greek στερέωμα (steréōma, “firm or solid structure”), which in turn translates Hebrew רקיע (“vault of heaven”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "firmamenten",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-en",
"3": "-"
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"expansion": "firmament n (plural firmamenten)",
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],
"hyphenation": [
"fir‧ma‧ment"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
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{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
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},
{
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"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
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}
],
"glosses": [
"firmament (vault or sphere of the heavens, seen as solid in older cosmologies; sky)"
],
"id": "en-firmament-nl-noun--9hcfait",
"links": [
[
"firmament",
"firmament#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gespan"
},
{
"word": "hemelgespan"
},
{
"word": "uitspansel"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Jerome"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɪr.maːˈmɛnt/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-firmament.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/Nl-firmament.ogg/Nl-firmament.ogg.mp3",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛnt"
}
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "firmament",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French firmament",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "firmament"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French firmament",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "firmament"
},
"expansion": "Old French firmament",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "firmāmentum"
},
"expansion": "Latin firmāmentum",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French firmament, from Old French firmament, borrowed from Latin firmāmentum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "firmaments",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "firmament m (plural firmaments)",
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],
"lang": "French",
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"senses": [
{
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{
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],
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"firmament"
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"id": "en-firmament-fr-noun-blLq-wSM",
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[
"firmament",
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]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"wikipedia": [
"fr:firmament"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fiʁ.ma.mɑ̃/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-firmament.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Fr-firmament.ogg/Fr-firmament.ogg.mp3",
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],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "na",
"2": "de",
"3": "Firmament"
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"expansion": "German Firmament",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "na",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "firmament"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German firmament",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "na",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "firmāmentum"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin firmāmentum",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From German Firmament, from Middle High German firmament, from Late Latin firmāmentum.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "na",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "firmament",
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],
"lang": "Nauruan",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
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"firmament"
],
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[
"firmament",
"firmament#English"
]
]
}
],
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}
{
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{
"args": {
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"2": "la",
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},
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"name": "der"
}
],
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{
"form": "firmaments",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
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"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
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},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "firmament m (plural firmaments)",
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}
],
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"lang_code": "oc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Occitan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"firmament, heavens"
],
"id": "en-firmament-oc-noun-3dSIJEvk",
"links": [
[
"firmament",
"firmament#English"
],
[
"heavens",
"heavens"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-firmament.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-firmament.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-firmament.wav.mp3",
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}
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
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{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "firmāmentum"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin firmāmentum",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin firmāmentum.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "firmament m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"fir‧ma‧ment"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "89 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"celestial sphere, heaven, sky"
],
"id": "en-firmament-pl-noun-03WeYIUZ",
"links": [
[
"celestial sphere",
"celestial sphere"
],
[
"heaven",
"heaven"
],
[
"sky",
"sky"
]
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"foundation"
],
"id": "en-firmament-pl-noun-K9i3sNg-",
"links": [
[
"foundation",
"foundation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) foundation"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/firˈma.mɛnt/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-amɛnt"
}
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "fr",
"3": "firmament"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from French firmament",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "firmamentum"
},
"expansion": "Latin firmamentum",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French firmament, from Latin firmamentum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "firmament",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "firmamentul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "firmament",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "firmamentului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "firmamentule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "firmament n (uncountable)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
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{
"args": {
"g": "n",
"gpd": "firmamentelor",
"gpi": "firmamente",
"gsd": "firmamentului",
"gsi": "firmament",
"n": "sg",
"npd": "firmamentele",
"npi": "firmamente",
"nsd": "firmamentul",
"nsi": "firmament",
"vp": "firmamentelor",
"vs": "firmamentule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun-single"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"firmament"
],
"id": "en-firmament-ro-noun-blLq-wSM",
"links": [
[
"firmament",
"firmament#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "la",
"3": "firmāmentum"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Latin firmāmentum",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin firmāmentum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "firmaments",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "firmament m (plural firmaments)",
"name": "ca-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Catalan countable nouns",
"Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"Catalan lemmas",
"Catalan masculine nouns",
"Catalan nouns",
"Catalan terms borrowed from Latin",
"Catalan terms derived from Latin",
"Catalan terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"firmament, heavens"
],
"links": [
[
"firmament",
"firmament#English"
],
[
"heavens",
"heavens"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[fir.məˈmen]",
"tags": [
"Central"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[fir.məˈment]",
"tags": [
"Balearic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[fiɾ.maˈment]",
"tags": [
"Valencia"
]
}
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pap",
"2": "firmament",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Papiamentu: firmament",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dated"
},
"expansion": "(dated)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→ Papiamentu: firmament (dated)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "firmament"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch firmament",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "firmāmentum"
},
"expansion": "Latin firmāmentum",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "στερέωμα",
"4": "",
"5": "firm or solid structure"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek στερέωμα (steréōma, “firm or solid structure”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "he",
"3": "רקיע",
"4": "",
"5": "vault of heaven"
},
"expansion": "Hebrew רקיע (“vault of heaven”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch firmament, from Latin firmāmentum, coined by Jerome in the Vulgate to render Ancient Greek στερέωμα (steréōma, “firm or solid structure”), which in turn translates Hebrew רקיע (“vault of heaven”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "firmamenten",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-en",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "firmament n (plural firmamenten)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"fir‧ma‧ment"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch neuter nouns",
"Dutch nouns",
"Dutch nouns with plural in -en",
"Dutch terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Dutch terms derived from Hebrew",
"Dutch terms derived from Latin",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ɛnt",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ɛnt/3 syllables"
],
"glosses": [
"firmament (vault or sphere of the heavens, seen as solid in older cosmologies; sky)"
],
"links": [
[
"firmament",
"firmament#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gespan"
},
{
"word": "hemelgespan"
},
{
"word": "uitspansel"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Jerome"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɪr.maːˈmɛnt/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-firmament.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/Nl-firmament.ogg/Nl-firmament.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Nl-firmament.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛnt"
}
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns suffixed with -ment",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰer-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -ment",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Amharic translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Aramaic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bashkir translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Classical Syriac translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Ge'ez translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hawaiian translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hiligaynon translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Ladino translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Middle English translations",
"Terms with Nauruan translations",
"Terms with Northern Sami translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Old Church Slavonic translations",
"Terms with Old English translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Sanskrit translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Tamil translations",
"Terms with Tigrinya translations",
"Terms with Tocharian A translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Vilamovian translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"Terms with Zulu translations",
"en:Astronomy",
"en:Cosmology",
"en:Obsolete scientific theories",
"en:Sphere"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "firmamental"
},
{
"word": "firmamentary"
},
{
"word": "firmament-wards"
},
{
"word": "unfirmamented"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Petrus Apianus, Gemma Frisius (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1539) <cite>Petri Apiani cosmographia, per Gemmam Phrysium, apud Louanienses medicum ac mathematicum insignem, restituta: additis de adem re ipsius Gemmae Phry. libellis, ut sequens pagina docet</cite>, Antwerp: In pingui gallina Arnoldo Berckma[n]no [Arnold Birckmann], <small>→OCLC</small></span></span>.",
"group": "n",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰer-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "firmament"
},
"expansion": "Middle English firmament",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "firmament",
"t": "firmament"
},
"expansion": "Old French firmament (“firmament”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "firmāmentum",
"t": "support; sky"
},
"expansion": "Latin firmāmentum (“support; sky”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "active"
},
"expansion": "active",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infinitive"
},
"expansion": "infinitive",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰer-",
"t": "to hold; to support"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold; to support”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "στερέωμα",
"t": "foundation, framework; firmament"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek στερέωμα (steréōma, “foundation, framework; firmament”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "רָקִיעַ",
"t": "celestial dome, vault of heaven",
"tr": "rāqī́aʿ"
},
"expansion": "Hebrew רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ, “celestial dome, vault of heaven”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ܪ",
"2": "ܩ",
"3": "ܥ"
},
"expansion": "ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ)",
"name": "syc-root-entry"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English firmament, furmament (“heaven; sky”), from Old French firmament (“firmament”), or from its etymon Latin firmāmentum (“support; sky”), from\nfirmāre (“to strengthen”) + -mentum (suffix indicating an instrument or medium, or the result of an action). Firmāre is the present active infinitive of firmō (“to make firm, strengthen”), from firmus (“firm, strong, stable”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold; to support”).\nThe Latin word was used in the Vulgate version of the Bible to translate the\nAncient Greek στερέωμα (steréōma, “foundation, framework; firmament”) in the Septuagint (Greek Old Testament), which in turn was used to translate the Hebrew רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ, “celestial dome, vault of heaven”), from the root ר־ק־ע (r-q-`); in Classical Syriac the similar root ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ) (related to compacting) gave rise to ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā, “compact; firm; firmament, heavens, sky; celestial sphere”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "firmaments",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "firmament (countable and uncountable, plural firmaments)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"fir‧ma‧ment"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English literary terms",
"English poetic terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1560, [William Whittingham et al., transl.], The Bible and Holy Scriptures Conteyned in the Olde and Newe Testament. […] (the Geneva Bible), Geneva: […] Rouland Hall, →OCLC, Daniél XII:3, folio 364, verso:",
"text": "And thei that be wiſe, ſhal ſhine, as the brightnes of the firmament: & they that turne to righteouſnes, ſhal ſhine as the ſtarres, for euer and euer.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:",
"text": "[T]his moſt excellent Canopie the ayre, looke you, this braue orehanging firmament, this maieſticall roofe fretted with golden fire, why it appeareth nothing to me but a foule and peſtilent congregation of vapoures.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1609, Everie VVoman in Her Humor, London: […] E[dward] A[llde] for Thomas Archer, […], →OCLC; reprinted as John S. Farmer, editor, Every Woman in Her Humor (The Tudor Facsimile Texts), [Amersham, Buckinghamshire]: [John S. Farmer] […], 1913, →OCLC:",
"text": "Now to ye all, be firmaments to ſtars, / Be ſtars to Firmaments, and as you are / Splendent, ſo be fixed, not wandring, nor / Irregular, both keeping courſe together, [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:6–8:",
"text": "And God ſaid, Let there be a firmament in the midſt of the waters: and let it diuide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament; and diuided the waters, which were under the firmament, from the waters, which were aboue the firmament: and it was ſo. And God called the firmament, Heauen: and the euening and the morning were the ſecond day.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1667, John Milton, “Book II”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 174–175:",
"text": "[W]hat if all / Her ſtores were op'n'd, and this Firmament / Of Hell ſhould ſpout her Cataracts of Fire, [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1678, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […], →OCLC; reprinted in The Pilgrim’s Progress as Originally Published by John Bunyan: Being a Fac-simile Reproduction of the First Edition, London: Elliot Stock […], 1875, →OCLC, page 11:",
"text": "There are Crowns of Glory to be given us; and Garments that will make us ſhine like the Sun in the Firmament of Heaven.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1745, [Edward Young], “Night the Ninth and Last. The Consolation. Containing, among Other Things, I. A Moral Survey of the Nocturnal Heavens. II. A Night-Address to the Deity. […]”, in The Complaint: Or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality, London: […] [Samuel Richardson] for A[ndrew] Millar […], and R[obert] Dodsley […], published 1750, →OCLC, page 357:",
"text": "On Nature's Alps I ſtand, / And ſee a Thouſand Firmaments beneath!",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1825 January, H. G. B., “The Bride of Parma”, in The Edinburgh Magazine, and Literary Miscellany; […], volume XVI, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 68, column 2:",
"text": "And far above the gentle moon sails on / Through the blue firmament. It is a scene / That gives that spot of earth the air of Heav'n!",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1831, James Bell, “[Chinese Empire.] Chapter IV.”, in A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific, […], volume V, Glasgow: Archibald Fullarton and Co. and Blackie and Son; […], →OCLC, page 34:",
"text": "Some of his [Confucius's] philosophical principles are, [...] that the cause or principle of things must have had a co-existence with the things themselves; [...] and that the central point of influence, from which this cause chiefly acts, is the blue firmament (tien), whence its emanations are spread over the universe; [...] the sun, moon, stars, and elements, are considered also as composing the firmament, or Teen, as the immediate agents of the Deity, and as the productive powers in creation.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1872, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], chapter XXIV, in Middlemarch […], volume II, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, book III, page 46:",
"text": "But there was no spirit of denial in Caleb, and the world seemed so wondrous to him that he was ready to accept any number of systems, like any number of firmaments, if they did not obviously interfere with the best land-drainage, solid building, correct measuring, and judicious boring (for coal).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2001 December, J. Robert King, “Who are We?”, in Brian Thomsen, editor, Lancelot du Lethe, New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, →ISBN, page 229:",
"text": "On its far side, on the very horizon of the world, stood purple mountains, so tall and sharp that they bridged the firmaments.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2002, Barbara Kingsolver, “Small Wonder”, in Small Wonder: Essays, New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, published 2009, →ISBN:",
"text": "The feeling I dread the most is not fear but despair—the dim, oppressive sense that the more things change, the more they stay the same; that each of us with a frozen heart \"like an old-stone savage armed\" will continue to move in darkness, lifting boulders, patrolling the firmaments of divisive anger.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Alexander Miller, “The Development of Theories of Meaning: From Frege to McDowell and Beyond”, in Michael Beaney, editor, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (The Development of Analytic Philosophy), page 658:",
"text": "[...] 'The Morning Star' and 'The Evening Star' have the same celestial object as Bedeutung, but present that object in different ways, perhaps in one case as the object that appears in such and such a place in the morning firmament and in the other as the object that appears in such and such a place in the evening firmament.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The vault of the heavens, where the clouds, sun, moon, and stars can be seen; the heavens, the sky."
],
"links": [
[
"vault",
"vault#Noun"
],
[
"heavens",
"heavens#Noun"
],
[
"cloud",
"cloud#Noun"
],
[
"sun",
"sun#Noun"
],
[
"moon",
"moon#Noun"
],
[
"stars",
"star#Noun"
],
[
"seen",
"see#Verb"
],
[
"sky",
"sky#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually uncountable, literary, poetic, also figuratively) The vault of the heavens, where the clouds, sun, moon, and stars can be seen; the heavens, the sky."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Britain",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "lift"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic",
"poetic"
],
"word": "welkin"
}
],
"tags": [
"also",
"figuratively",
"literary",
"poetic",
"uncountable",
"usually"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with collocations",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "the international fashion firmament",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1997, Michael Schaller, “Japan: From Enemy to Ally, 1945–50”, in Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation, New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 7:",
"text": "Europe dominated foreign policy concerns, followed by the Near East and China, where General George C[atlett] Marshall tried, in vain, to mediate a civil war. Japan glowed dimly in the foreign policy firmament.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1999, Shannon Wiley, “Introduction”, in Seaford, Delaware (Images of America), Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, published 2001, →ISBN, page 8:",
"text": "By this time, Seaford was a town of 2,000 people, and, in the next decade, the poultry industry became a rising star in the firmament of economic growth as new housing and feeding techniques were introduced.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Adrienne L. McLean, “A Channel for Progress: Theatrical Dance, Popular Culture, and (The) American Ballet”, in Dying Swans and Madmen: Ballet, the Body, and Narrative Cinema, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN, page 40:",
"text": "She [Anna Pavlova] provided articulate, well-thought-out and educational interviews and articles from her first appearances in which she would lay out her life story, the course of her training, the place of ballet in the European and Russian artistic firmaments.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The field or sphere of an activity or interest."
],
"links": [
[
"field",
"field#Noun"
],
[
"sphere",
"sphere"
],
[
"activity",
"activity"
],
[
"interest",
"interest#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) The field or sphere of an activity or interest."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"en:Astronomy"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1638, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Ayre Rectified. With a Digression of the Ayre.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy. […], 5th edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] [Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 3, page 254:",
"text": "[B]etweene the ſphere of Saturne and the Firmament, there is ſuch an incredible and vaſt ſpace or diſtance (7000000. ſemidiameters of the earth, as Tycho [Brahe] calculates) void of ſtarres: [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1712 July 13 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison], “WEDNESDAY, July 2, 1712. Paper X. On the Pleasures of the Imagination.”, in The Spectator, number 420; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume IV, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 79:",
"text": "But if we yet rise higher, and consider the fixed stars as so many vast oceans of flame, that are each of them attended with a different set of planets, and still discover new firmaments and new lights, that are sunk farther in those unfathomable depths of ether, so as not to be seen by the strongest of our telescopes, we are lost in such a labyrinth of suns and worlds, and confounded with the immensity and magnificence of nature.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1715, H[enry] Curson, “A Cosmographical Introduction to the Geographical Description of the World”, in A New Description of the World. […], 2nd edition, […] Benj[amin] Barker, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "The World Cœlestial. Containing 11 Sphæres or Heavens, ſay the Theologians and Aſtronomers. [...] Theſe are called the Primum Mobile, the Chriſtaline Heaven, the Firmament adorned with the Fixed Stars, and the Heavens of the Seven Planets.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the geocentric Ptolemaic system, the eighth celestial sphere which carried the fixed stars; (countable, by extension) any celestial sphere."
],
"links": [
[
"astronomy",
"astronomy"
],
[
"geocentric",
"geocentric"
],
[
"Ptolemaic system",
"Ptolemaic system"
],
[
"eighth",
"eighth"
],
[
"celestial sphere",
"celestial sphere"
],
[
"carried",
"carry"
],
[
"fixed star",
"fixed star"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, astronomy, historical) In the geocentric Ptolemaic system, the eighth celestial sphere which carried the fixed stars; (countable, by extension) any celestial sphere."
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"astronomy",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"en:Bible"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalm 150:1, column 1:",
"text": "Praiſe ye the Lord. Praiſe God in his Sanctuarie: Praiſe him in the firmament of his power.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The abode of God and the angels; heaven."
],
"links": [
[
"biblical",
"Bible"
],
[
"abode",
"abode"
],
[
"God",
"God"
],
[
"angel",
"angel"
],
[
"heaven",
"heaven#Noun"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete except biblical",
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, obsolete except biblical) The abode of God and the angels; heaven."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1690, [Mary Evelyn], “A Voyage to Marryland; or, The Ladies Dressing-room”, in [John Evelyn], editor, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […], London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN, page 7:",
"text": "Pins tipt with Diamond Point, and head, / By which the Curls are faſtened, / In radiant Firmament ſet out, / And all over the Hood ſur-tout: [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "[1690, [Mary Evelyn], “The Fop-dictionary. […]”, in [John Evelyn], editor, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […], London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN, page 18:",
"text": "Firmament. Diamonds, or other precious Stones heading the Pins which they stick into the Tour, and Hair, like Stars.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A piece of jewellery worn in a headdress with numerous gems resembling stars in the sky."
],
"links": [
[
"piece",
"piece#Noun"
],
[
"jewellery",
"jewellery"
],
[
"worn",
"wear#Verb"
],
[
"headdress",
"headdress"
],
[
"numerous",
"numerous"
],
[
"gem",
"gem"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, obsolete) A piece of jewellery worn in a headdress with numerous gems resembling stars in the sky."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2012 January 25, Josh Brown, “Perhaps I’ve Been a Bit too Harsh …”, in Wealth Manager Blog, The Wall Street Journal, archived from the original on 2013-12-08:",
"text": "Ten years ago, the Wall Street wirehouse brokerage firm seemed unassailable – part of the very firmament underpinning the entire investment industry from coast to coast.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A basis or foundation; a support."
],
"links": [
[
"basis",
"basis"
],
[
"foundation",
"foundation"
],
[
"support",
"support#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, obsolete, also figuratively) A basis or foundation; a support."
],
"tags": [
"also",
"countable",
"figuratively",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"The act or process of making firm or strengthening."
],
"links": [
[
"act",
"act#Noun"
],
[
"process",
"process#Noun"
],
[
"making",
"make#Verb"
],
[
"firm",
"firm#Adjective"
],
[
"strengthen",
"strengthen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, obsolete) The act or process of making firm or strengthening."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɜːməm(ə)nt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɝməmənt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-firmament.mp3",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/En-us-firmament.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/En-us-firmament.mp3/En-us-firmament.mp3.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "am",
"lang": "Amharic",
"roman": "sämay",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ሰማይ"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "raqīʕ",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "رَقِيع"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "samāʔ",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "سماء"
},
{
"code": "arc",
"lang": "Aramaic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "רקיעא"
},
{
"code": "syc",
"lang": "Aramaic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"Classical-Syriac"
],
"word": "ܪܩܝܥܐ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "čaxarak",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "ճախարակ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "erkinkʻ",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "երկինք"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "erknakamar",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "երկնակամար"
},
{
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "kük kömbəźe",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "күк көмбәҙе"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nebosvod",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "небосвод"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "蒼穹"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cāngqióng",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "苍穹"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "蒼天"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cāngtiān",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "苍天"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hàotiān",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "昊天"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hàotiān",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "皓天"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "穹蒼"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "qióngcāng, qiōngcāng",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "穹苍"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "qióngyǔ, qiōngyǔ",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "穹宇"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tiānkōng",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "天空"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "霄漢"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiāohàn",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "霄汉"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "nebeská klenba"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "nebeská báň"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "nebe"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"neuter"
],
"word": "gespan"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hemelgespan"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hemelgewelf"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"neuter"
],
"word": "uitspansel"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "firmaĵo"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "taevalaotus"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "taevavõlv"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"poetic"
],
"word": "ilmankansi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "taivaankansi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmamento"
},
{
"code": "gez",
"lang": "Ge'ez",
"roman": "sämay",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "ሰማይ"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ca",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "ცა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Firmament"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "Feste"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "steréoma",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"literary",
"neuter"
],
"word": "στερέωμα"
},
{
"code": "haw",
"lang": "Hawaiian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "lani"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "raki'a",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "רקיע"
},
{
"code": "hil",
"lang": "Hiligaynon",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "siélo"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "andlangur"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "festing"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "himinhvel"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "himinhvolf"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "himinn"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "cakrawala"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "neamh"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmamento"
},
{
"alt": "きゅうそう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kyūsō",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "穹蒼"
},
{
"alt": "おおぞら",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ōzora",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "大空"
},
{
"alt": "てんくう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tenkū",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "天空"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "meik",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "មេឃ"
},
{
"alt": "蒼空",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "changgong",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "창공"
},
{
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"roman": "firmamento",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "פירמאמינטו"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "firmāmentum"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "debesjums"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "nébosvod",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "не́босвод"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "nébesen svod",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "не́бесен свод"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "lüft"
},
{
"code": "na",
"lang": "Nauruan",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"code": "se",
"lang": "Northern Sami",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "albmẹassi"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hvelving"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "himmelhvelv"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "himmelkvelv"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"code": "cu",
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"roman": "tvrĭdělĭ",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "тврьдѣль"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "lyft"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "staþol"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "uprodor"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "falak",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "فلک"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nieboskłon"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nieboskłon"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmamento"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "alturas"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nebésnyj svod",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "небе́сный свод"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nebosvód",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "небосво́д"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tverdʹ",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"poetic"
],
"word": "твердь"
},
{
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "aśman",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "अश्मन्"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "iarmailt"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"neuter"
],
"word": "не̏бо"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "ша̑р"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"neuter"
],
"word": "nȅbo"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "šȃr"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmamento"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "firmament"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fäste"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "himlavalv"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "santinakpan"
},
{
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "vāṉam",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "வானம்"
},
{
"code": "ti",
"lang": "Tigrinya",
"roman": "sämay",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "ሰማይ"
},
{
"code": "xto",
"lang": "Tocharian A",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "eprer"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "felek"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "gökyüzü"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "tverdʹ nebesna",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "твердь небесна"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "bầu trời"
},
{
"code": "wym",
"lang": "Vilamovian",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"word": "fjyrmament"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "entrych nef"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "entrych nen"
},
{
"code": "zu",
"lang": "Zulu",
"sense": "vault of the heavens — see also heavens, sky",
"tags": [
"class-3"
],
"word": "uḿkhathí"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "field or sphere of an activity or interest — see also field, sphere",
"word": "ala"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "steréoma",
"sense": "field or sphere of an activity or interest — see also field, sphere",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "στερέωμα"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "field or sphere of an activity or interest — see also field, sphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "firmamento"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Septuagint",
"Vulgate"
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "firmament",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French firmament",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "firmament"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French firmament",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "firmament"
},
"expansion": "Old French firmament",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "firmāmentum"
},
"expansion": "Latin firmāmentum",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French firmament, from Old French firmament, borrowed from Latin firmāmentum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "firmaments",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "firmament m (plural firmaments)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French 3-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"firmament"
],
"links": [
[
"firmament",
"firmament#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"wikipedia": [
"fr:firmament"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fiʁ.ma.mɑ̃/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-firmament.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Fr-firmament.ogg/Fr-firmament.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Fr-firmament.ogg"
}
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "na",
"2": "de",
"3": "Firmament"
},
"expansion": "German Firmament",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "na",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "firmament"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German firmament",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "na",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "firmāmentum"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin firmāmentum",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From German Firmament, from Middle High German firmament, from Late Latin firmāmentum.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "na",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "firmament",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Nauruan",
"lang_code": "na",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Nauruan entries with incorrect language header",
"Nauruan lemmas",
"Nauruan nouns",
"Nauruan terms borrowed from German",
"Nauruan terms derived from German",
"Nauruan terms derived from Late Latin",
"Nauruan terms derived from Middle High German",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"firmament"
],
"links": [
[
"firmament",
"firmament#English"
]
]
}
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "la",
"3": "firmāmentum"
},
"expansion": "Latin firmāmentum",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin firmāmentum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "firmaments",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "firmament m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "firmament m (plural firmaments)",
"name": "oc-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Occitan countable nouns",
"Occitan entries with incorrect language header",
"Occitan lemmas",
"Occitan masculine nouns",
"Occitan nouns",
"Occitan terms derived from Latin",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"firmament, heavens"
],
"links": [
[
"firmament",
"firmament#English"
],
[
"heavens",
"heavens"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-firmament.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-firmament.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-firmament.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-firmament.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-firmament.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 3-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish learned borrowings from Latin",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Latin",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/amɛnt",
"Rhymes:Polish/amɛnt/3 syllables"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "firmāmentum"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin firmāmentum",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin firmāmentum.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "firmament m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"fir‧ma‧ment"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"celestial sphere, heaven, sky"
],
"links": [
[
"celestial sphere",
"celestial sphere"
],
[
"heaven",
"heaven"
],
[
"sky",
"sky"
]
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"foundation"
],
"links": [
[
"foundation",
"foundation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) foundation"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/firˈma.mɛnt/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-amɛnt"
}
],
"word": "firmament"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "fr",
"3": "firmament"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from French firmament",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "firmamentum"
},
"expansion": "Latin firmamentum",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French firmament, from Latin firmamentum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "firmament",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "firmamentul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "firmament",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "firmamentului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "firmamentule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "firmament n (uncountable)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n",
"gpd": "firmamentelor",
"gpi": "firmamente",
"gsd": "firmamentului",
"gsi": "firmament",
"n": "sg",
"npd": "firmamentele",
"npi": "firmamente",
"nsd": "firmamentul",
"nsi": "firmament",
"vp": "firmamentelor",
"vs": "firmamentule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun-single"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian neuter nouns",
"Romanian nouns",
"Romanian terms borrowed from French",
"Romanian terms derived from French",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"Romanian uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"firmament"
],
"links": [
[
"firmament",
"firmament#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "firmament"
}
Download raw JSONL data for firmament meaning in All languages combined (48.0kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'genitive-dative'",
"path": [
"firmament"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "firmament",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.